| Defines the structure, functions, and historical development of global financial markets, including money, capital, foreign exchange, and derivative markets. |
| Explains the roles of financial intermediaries, international financial institutions, and global financial centers, and analyzes their impact on capital flows and financial globalization. |
| Analyzes the functioning of foreign exchange, capital, and derivative markets and interprets the effects of financial instruments and regulations (e.g., Basel criteria) on market stability. |
| Evaluates the causes and consequences of international financial crises and assesses the implications of financial regulations, digitalization, fintech, and crypto assets for global financial stability. |